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By: O. Aldo, M.B. B.CH. B.A.O., Ph.D.
Deputy Director, University of Maryland School of Medicine
It is the personality "executive sciatic nerve pain treatment exercises buy cheap ibuprofen 400mg on-line," mediating the impulsive demands of the id fibromyalgia treatment guidelines pain ibuprofen 600mg online, the restraining demands of the superego arch pain treatment running effective 600 mg ibuprofen, and the real-life demands of the external world. If chaste Jane feels sexually attracted to John, she may satisfy both id and superego by joining a volunteer organization that John attends regularly. Freud believed that during the phallic stage boys seek genital stimulation, and they develop both unconscious sexual desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father, whom they consider a rival. Given these feelings, boys supposedly also experience guilt and a lurking fear of punishment, perhaps by castration, from their father. Freud called this collection of feelings the Oedipus complex after the Greek legend of Oedipus, who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Children eventually cope with the threatening feelings, said Freud, by repressing them and by identifying with (trying to become like) the rival parent. Freud believed that identification with the same-sex parent provides what psychologists now call our gender identity-our sense of being male or female. Freud presumed that our early childhood relations-with parents, caregivers, and everything else-influence our developing identity, personality, and frailties. A person who had been either orally overindulged or deprived (perhaps by abrupt, early weaning) might fixate at the oral stage. This orally fixated adult could exhibit either passive dependence (like that of a nursing infant) or an exaggerated denial of this dependence (by acting tough or uttering biting sarcasm). Or the person might continue to seek oral gratification by smoking or excessive eating. Identification Freud believed that children cope with threatening feelings of competition with their same-sex parent by identifying with that parent. As members of social groups, we must control our sexual and aggressive impulses, not act them out. But sometimes the ego fears losing control of this inner war between the id and superego. The presumed result is a dark cloud of unfocused anxiety that leaves us feeling unsettled but unsure why. Freud proposed that the ego protects itself with defense mechanisms-tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality. According to Freud, repression underlies all the other defense mechanisms, each of which disguises threatening impulses and keeps them from reaching consciousness. Freud believed that repression explains why we do not remember our childhood lust for our parent of the other sex. However, he also believed that repression is often incomplete, with repressed urges seeping out in dream symbols and slips of the tongue. Regression allows us to retreat to an earlier, more infantile stage of development. Facing the anxious first days of school, a child may regress to the oral comfort of thumb-sucking. Juvenile monkeys, when anxious, retreat to infantile clinging to their mothers or to one another (Suomi, 1987). In reaction formation, the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites. En route to consciousness, the unacceptable proposition "I hate him" becomes "I love him. Thus, habitual drinkers may say they drink with their friends "just to be sociable. Displacement diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings. Children who fear expressing anger against their parents may displace it by kicking the family pet. Denial protects the person from real events that are painful to accept, either by rejecting a fact or its seriousness. Note that all these defense mechanisms function indirectly and unconsciously, reducing anxiety by disguising some threatening impulse. Just as the body unconsciously defends itself against disease, so also, believed Freud, does the ego unconsciously defend itself against anxiety.
Syndromes
- Muscle atrophy
- Establish and maintain satisfying relationships by learning to share intimacy without feeling worried or inhibited
- Change the sports equipment you are using.
- Robot-assisted or total laparoscopic hysterectomy: 2 to 4 weeks
- Damage to the urethra, bladder, or vagina
- Diuretics [hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and amiloride]
- Occur either with movement or at rest
- Have the person breathe through the mouth. The person should not breathe in sharply. This may force the object in further.
- Slow or no weight gain
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