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Vice Chair, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Thus symptoms bladder cancer generic pristiq 50mg line, the overall network activity has been acquired by the traffic analysis attack [17] treatment molluscum contagiosum 50mg pristiq with mastercard. To accomplish this attack symptoms 24 hour flu pristiq 100mg generic, the attacker uses a wireless card that can be set to promiscuous mode and special types of antenna to determine the signal range. Secondly, he or she identifies the number of access points and their locations in the surrounding area. Finally, the third piece of information the attacker can learn through traffic analysis is the type of protocol that is being used in the transmission, along with the size, type and number of packets 179 P a g e Furthermore, the attacker uses an unused wireless channel to set up this fake access point. The attacker can gain access to the services or privileges that he/she is not authorized to access. In this attack, the intruder tries altering, deleting or adding management frames or data i. DoS attacks are the most common example of this type of attack which is described in section D. This attack occurs in real-time and the attacker uses the session for whatever purpose he/she wants and can maintain the session for an extended period of time [17]. In order to successfully execute a Session Hijacking attack, the attacker performs two tasks. This requires a successful eavesdropping on the target communication to gather the necessary information. Secondly, the attacker deluges the air with a sequence of spoofed disassociate packets to keep the legitimate target out of the session [17]. Later on, the attacker replays authenticated sessions to gain access to the network without altering or interfering with the original session or sessions [17]. For example, an attacker could inject a frame while a user is trying to logon into a banking website. The website looks legitimate but it is not, as the attacker has injected Ethernet frames. Once the attacker captures and saves the authentication information, they can monitor traffic for another authentication in order to inject saved frames instead of the legitimate authentication frames to gain access to the system [22]. Availablity Attacks this attack prevents or prohibits the legitimate clients by denying access to the requested information available on the network. DoS attack is the most common type of availability attack which focuses on attacking a specific part of the network so the network becomes unreachable. There are several types of DoS attack which are described below: 1) Denial-of-Service Attack: In this type of attack, an attacker tries to prevent or prohibit the normal use of the network communication by flooding a legitimate client with 180 P a g e This forces them to exit the authentication state or to exit the association state [21]. Dictionary attacks and brute force attacks are the most common techniques in this category. Once they have got the required information, the attacker impersonates or masquerades as an authorized user. On the other hand dictionary attacks only try the possibilities which are most likely to succeed, usually derived from a dictionary file. Whereas, Dictionary attacks will be unsuccessful if the password is not in the dictionary [23]. A brute force attack can be applied on sniffing packets captured by the attacker in order to obtain the key. Authentication attacks that are directly or indirectly involved with brute force and dictionary attack techniques after capturing the required information are discussed below [16]: 1) Shared Key Guessing: the attacker attempts 802. Fishing messages, mass mailing worms and Trojan downloaders can be carried over either wired or wireless networks. Furthermore, there are other kinds of attack that try to exploit the wireless encryption standard.
Cq values are the number of cycles when fluorescence crosses a threshold above background levels [140] treatment trichomonas pristiq 100mg lowest price. Shoot tips/buds and bark samples exhibited the least variation in mean Cq values of all genes amongst all the tissues medications held before dialysis discount 50mg pristiq visa. Expression data for reference genes where each graphed point represents the mean of the technical replicates symptoms 12 dpo order pristiq canada. Each graph shows the quantification cycle (Cq) distribution for candidate reference genes in shoot tips/buds, young leaves, mature leaves and bark of both genotypes (P. This is based on the theory that two stable genes should share an identical expression ratio in all samples [149, 154]. Genes were ranked at the same position in only 12 instances when comparing the two genotypes. Compared to other tissues, bark showed the greatest variation in stability ranking between the two genotypes of the reference genes. Candidate reference genes ordered from least stable (left) to most stable (right) in shoot tips/buds, young leaves, mature leaves and bark of both genotypes (P. The red line indicates the limit above which genes are considered non-stable (M=0. For all other tissues, the two most stable reference genes were sufficient to give a V value below 0. Pairwise variation (V) analyses were performed to determine the optimum number of reference genes for normalization. V2/3 is the pairwise variation between the 2 most stable genes and the 3 most stable genes. Table 2-3 shows the ranking of reference genes with corresponding (r) and p-values as determined by BestKeeper. We observed standard deviations greater than 1 in all genotype/tissue combinations except shoot tips (Appendix B, Table B-1). Removing these genes did not change the overall rankings for the remaining genes but resulted in increased correlation coefficients (r) for most of the remaining reference genes (Appendix B, Table B-1). Larger correlation coefficients indicate greater correlation with the index and are evidence of higher gene expression stability. In addition to these two programs, NormFinder is another program that measures reference gene expression stability [159]. Since our experimental design did not meet these requirements NormFinder was not included in this study. Irrespective of the analysis program used to determine reference gene stability, the most stable reference genes vary among tissues of both genotypes. Besides variation in gene expression stability between tissues within a genotype, it was also found that reference gene stability also varies between genotypes within a given tissue. This difference of ranking in the same tissues of the two genotypes occurred regardless of the program used. Previous studies on coffee and petunia [160, 161] also concluded that reference genes were different in different tissues for a single genotype and also for the same tissue between different genotypes. This variation in reference gene stability underscores the importance of empirically testing all samples in an experiment to validate reference gene stability. This report is a rigorous evaluation of reference gene stability in Populus and a valuable resource when compared to previous reports in Populus [150, 151]. Finally, in this report we performed reference gene evaluations using the two important Populus genotypes, P. These discrepancies are a consequence of the different statistical methods that the programs are based. This calls attention to the importance of reviewing the Cq distributions in conjunction with the ranking profiles by expression stability programs for confirmation of stability. The purpose of this study was not to provide specific reference gene recommendations but to offer a set of rigorously tested reference genes that are potentially suitable as reference genes for expression analyses in Populus. Researchers should carefully choose a gene stability analysis program that fits their experimental needs. For example, NormFinder requires at least 2 groups of 8 or more samples for accurate analyses [159]. This is significant because it can be difficult to define logical groups that comprise an adequate number of samples within a group. There 60 are reports in which samples are grouped in multiple ways, which affected the calculations and rankings [165, 166].
In opposition medications jock itch generic pristiq 50 mg with mastercard, Pro-Innovative contends that the term "particles" should be given its broad and ordinary meaning which includes particles not limited in size and shape to symptoms tracker order pristiq amex millet symptoms hypoglycemia purchase 100 mg pristiq otc. Specifically, Pro-Innovative requests the court to construe the term "particles" to mean "small specks of matter which include starch particles, microsphere particles, hard plastic or silicon beads and millet. The parties agree that the disputed claim language can be construed with reference to intrinsic evidence only. The Doctrine of "Claim Differentiation" "There is presumed to be a difference in meaning and scope when different words or phrases are used in separate [patent] claims. To the extent that the absence of such [a] difference in meaning and scope would make a claim superfluous, the doctrine of claim differentiation states the presumption that the difference between claims is significant. The doctrine of claim differentiation has its greatest force when an interpretation of a dependent and independent claim would render the dependent claim superfluous. The doctrine may also be used to interpret an independent claim in light of another independent claim. A semi resilient exercise grip comprising a non-resilient dry core containing a deformable mixture of tightly packed individual particles that are in continuous contact with each other. The grip of claim 1 wherein the particles are hard and are similar in size and shape to millet. Applying the doctrine of claim differentiation, the term "particles" in Claim 1 cannot be limited to particles "similar in size and shape to millet. Sport Squeeze presented no evidence during the hearing or in its papers rebutting the strong presumption that the "millet-sized" limitations in dependent Claim 2 should not be incorporated into Claim 1. For purposes of this Order, the court will refer to Claim 15 as the "initial Claim 7," and the claim issued by the patent office as "issued Claim 7. However, those comments were made in reference to a claim which explicitly contained a "millet-sized" limitation. In any event, this statement does not overcome the presumption raised by the doctrine of claim differentiation. The sole mention of "millet" appears in the specification: (See Column 3, Lines 10-15): - 1379 - Jump to: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R ST UVW XY Z In practice, seeds such as millet have been used as the particles. As an alternative, the particulate [sic] material can be hard plastic or silicon beads or any other matter that is similar in size and shape to millet and that is hard enough to withstand the compressive pressures experienced when the grip is being squeezed by a user. However, while "the specification may aid the court in interpreting the meaning of disputed claim language, particular embodiments and examples appearing in the specification will not generally be read into the claims. With all three patents, when Pro-Innovative sought to limit the "particles" in its claims to a particular size or shape, it qualified that term by including the limitation that the particles be the size or shape of "millet. As discussed in the preceding section of this order, nothing in the prosecution history or specifications justifies departing from the plain meaning of the term "particles. All three patents (1) involved the deformable exercise grip, (2) were issued over a relatively short period (three years), (3) involved the same patent examiner (Stephen Crow), and (4) made reference to the same prior art references. First, Sport-Squeeze argues that the term "particles" should be narrowly construed to avoid conflict with prior art patents. In fact, it is of little consequence that a single term in a patent claim reads back on a term in a prior art patent so long as the claim as a whole does not read back on a claim in the prior art. These limitations, rather than an implied limitation on particle size, likely formed the basis for patentability of Claim 2. A similar argument appears in its Opening brief, where Sport-Squeeze argues that a narrow reading of the term "particle" is necessary to avoid conflict with Tarnoff. He noted that this construction was "incredibly broad" and "unsupported by the record. Since a Markman hearing had not been conducted, the question of claim construction was not before the court. This conclusion was understandable since Judge Moskowitz did not have the Tarnoff prior art available to him at the time of the ruling. The court retains inherent authority to revise interim or interlocutory orders any time before judgment, including orders denying motions for summary judgment. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, the court concludes that the term "particles" in the claims of United States Patent Nos.
