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When leaves are put into ether antibiotics for acne treatment order 250mg sedopan with visa, or cooled by liquid air virus 868 buy sedopan now, or boiled in water bacteria bloom in aquarium purchase sedopan amex, the absorption band is shifted toward its position in true solution. Chlorophyll in leaves killed in this way is much more sensitive to oxygen and acids than it was before killing. It thus seems certain that chlorophyll (and the other chloroplast pigments) are associated, in the living cell, with the cell proteins, and probably also with some lipophilic compounds. We now ask: is this an association in stoichiometric proportions; and does it involve uniformly all the chlorophyll contained in the cell? That the association of porphine derivatives with proteins can lead the formation of stoichiometric compounds is well known from the to example of hemoglobin and cytochrome, in which one porphyrin molecule associated with one so-called "Svedberg unit" of protein (molecular weight ~ 17,000). Since then, it has become evident that most biological catalysts (enzymes) consist of similar combinations of a protein "carrier" with an active ("prosthetic") molecule. Since chlorophyll may in light, the hypothesis that have been prepared, both by disintegration and by the interaction of pure pigment with proteins in vitro; but none had a simple and reproducible composition similar to Difficulties have been encountered that of hemoglobin or cytochrome. Pigment-Protein Suspensions and Solutions the preparation of green aqueous extracts from leaves was first He obtained them by the grinding of described by Herlitzka in 1912. Price and Wyckoff (1938) and Loring, Osborne, and Wyckoff (1938) obtained green aqueous solutions by the centrifugation of press juices the colored protein particles were of cucumber and green pea leaves. Suspensions prepared from different leaves were similar, and resembled living leaves in respect to spectrum, fluorescence, and They could be freed by stability to light, oxygen, and carbonic acid. Light and air do not affect it an illumination of 40,000 lux for 25 hours in contact with air caused no damage, although - treatment would have destroyed completely any molecular or No particles can be detected in chloroplastin suspensions under the microscope, even with powerful immersion In the ultramicroscope, the solutions sometimes appear systems. Preparations similar to those of Stoll and Wiedemann were obtained by many other investigators. Katz and Wassink (1939) prepared them by grinding unicellular green and blue algae (Chlorella and Oscillatoria). Cataphoresis experiments showed that the particles of these suspensions were negatively charged: they became positive in 0. Lubimenko, and Stoll and Wiedemann, had a tendency to stress the "molecular" character of the protein-pigment complex: it was asserted by them to be uniform in composition, and the size of its particles below the limit of ultramicroscopic visibility, except for cases of agglomeration. However, the observation of Fishman and Moyer that the particles are and the fact confirmed by Stoll and precipitated in an ordinary high-speed Wiedemann that they can be centrifuge, places their size well above that of the largest known protein generally visible in the dark field, - - recalled the assertion of Lubimenko that obtained only with leaves of certain species, and stable solutions can be used one of them (Funkia) for his experiments; but he obtained merely an opalescent suspension which was completely sedimented at 20,000 that is, a suspension whose particles were much larger than the r. The conclusion that the "chloroplastin solutions" obtained by the grinding of leaves in distilled water are merely suspensions of particles of comparatively large and nonuniform size was reached also by Smith (1938, 1940, 1941), who studied the effect of different detergents on extracts from Spinacia and Aspidistra, and found that "solutions" obtained directly by grinding leaves under water produce no sharp sedi- mentation boundary to in the ultracentrifuge, cause turbidity. The latter do not convert the chlorophyll in these suspensions into pheophytin (as they would in absence of the protein), so that the However, acid precipitate gives a pure green solution upon resuspension. Digitonin (as well as sodium desoxycholate and bile salts) splits the pigment from the protein; the pigments sediment together with the digitonin micelles; while the pigment-free protein forms another boundary, corresponding to a sedimentation constant of 13. Furthermore, in acid solution, chlorophyll becomes converted into pheophytin, showing that dodecyl sulfate destroys the protection which magnesium enjoys in the natural chloroplastin complex, even though large fractions of the original protein molecule remain attached to the pigment. All these experiments, while confirming the association of chlorophyll with the chloroplast proteins, do not prove the existence of a chlorophjdlprotein compound of a constant stoichiometric composition, comparable Determinations of the average chlorophyll-protein mass to hemoglobin. If, however, it should be proved that genuine spectroscopic differences exist between the green cells of different species, one should think first of association with different proteins (rather than variations in the structure of the pigment molecule). This view is supported by observations on the spectrum of bacteriochlorophyllprotein extracts {cf. Mention should be made here of attempts to prepare artificial proteinchlorophyll complexes from chlorophyll solutions in organic solvents. Eisler and Portheim (1922) precipitated chlorophyll from alcoholic extracts with horse serum. The green precipitate was water-soluble; its spectrum was described as "similar to that of chlorophyll in the leaves. Noack (1927) adsorbed chlorophyll on proteins (albumin, casein, legumin, hordenin, and clupein sulfate), and on peptones. Not only is it a priori implausible, but the absorption maxima of the carotenoids actually can be recognized in many absorption curves of green leaves and algae, and particularly clearly in those of purple bacteria {cf. The association of hacteriochlorophyll in purple bacteria with proteins has been proved by experiments similar to those described above for the higher plants. Levy, Tessier, and Wurmser (1925) obtained aqueous extracts of a colored protein by grinding purple bacteria {Chromatium) while French (1938, 1940) used ultrasonic waves to break the bacteria {Streptococcus varians, Rhodo spirillum ruhrum, Rhodovibrio, and Phaeomonas) and to release their cell content. The mixture obtained in this way was separated by centrifugation from cell fragments, and a clear colloidal solution remained which contained both the hacteriochlorophyll and the bacterial carotenoids, together with the proteins. The absorption spectrum of the extract was very similar to that of intact bacteria.

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Chapter 25 Error message boxes stop the proceedings with idiocy and should be avoided antibiotics heartburn order 250mg sedopan amex. Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software bacterial 16s rrna database sedopan 250mg line, Addison-Wesley Professional antibiotic resistance gene jumping order line sedopan. The Clustered World: How We Live, What We Buy, and What It All Means About Who We Are. See also butcon flip-flop, 445 on mouse, 380­382 radio, 446­447 button controls, 440­441 C calendar, 37­40 camera movement, 420 card sorting, 72 caret, 395 584 Index Carroll, John Making Use, 111­112 scenario-based design and, 110, 111­112 cascading dialog box, 527 cascading menu, 478, 485­486 category-specific Undo, 344­345 causality, showing, 314 cellular telephone, 190­191, 492 change over time, showing, 316 characteristics of persona, 100­101 charged cursor tool, 410­411 check box, 443­445, 451 checkmark menu item, 489 choice providing, 217­219, 256 remembering, 263­264 chord-clicking, 384 Chounard, Yvon (founder Patagonia), 154 chromostereopsis, 311 Civilization (Sid Meier), 545 clarity of transient application, 170 Claxton, Guy (Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind), 89 click target, 194 clicking with mouse, 383­385 Close button, 512 closing document, 352­353 clue box, 465­466 clutter, avoiding, 307­308 Code Line Communications, Art Directors Toolkit, 171 cognition, stimulating, 155 cognitive dissonance, 33 cognitive processing, 89 cognitive work, minimizing, 151 coherence, internal, 155 collaboration by designer, 566­567 color and visual interface design, 292, 302, 311­312 color-blindness, 312 combo box, 467, 499 combutcon, 447­448 command, terminating, 508, 511 command vector, 551­552 command-line interface, 224­225, 474 commensurate effort, 245­246 common sense and considerate product, 253 communicating status, 363 communication personas and, 79 visual interface design and, 288 Compare function, 343­344 comparison, enforcing visual, 314 competitive audit, 57 complementary colors, 311 composite archetype, 75­76, 82 compound, 280­281 CompuServe Navigator, 434­435, 438 computer interactivity and, 11 thinking of product as, 183 as working for human, 368 computer literacy, 27 Computers as Theater (Laurel), 110 conceptual model, 28­29 conceptual principle, 150 conducting ethnographic interview methods of, 65­68 overview of, 63 phases, teams, and timing of, 64 team review and, 68 configuration differentiating between command and, 216­217 offering option for to user, 555­557 Confirm File Delete dialog box (Microsoft Windows), 541 Index 585 confirmation dialog box description of, 539, 541­542 eliminating, 543­544 human behavior and, 542 confirmation message bulletin dialog box and, 523 as excise, 228­229 conflating what and how questions, 114­115 conflicting interests in development process, 9 connection, 420­421 conscientiousness of considerate product, 253­254 consensus and persona, 79 considerate product as anticipating human needs, 253 characteristics of, 251 as conscientious, 253­254 as deferential, 252 as failing gracefully, 256­257 as forthcoming, 252­253 as keeping mum about problems, 254­255 as keeping user informed, 255 as knowing when to bend rules, 257­259 as not asking a lot of questions, 256 overview of, 250 as perceptive, 255­256 as self-confident, 256 as taking interest, 251­252 as taking responsibility, 259 as using common sense, 253 consistency in design, 317­320 Constantine, Larry Software for Use, 43 on user role, 84 constrained drag, 412 constraint, technical, 53 constructing context scenario, 119­122 key path scenario, 133­135 constructing persona checking for completeness and redundancy, 101­102 designating types, 104­106 expanding description of, 102­103 identifying behavioral variables, 98 identifying significant behavior patterns, 99­100 mapping interview subjects to behavioral variables, 99 steps for, 97­98 synthesizing characteristics and relevant goals, 100­101 content in dialog boxes, managing, 523­528 quality, relevance, and integrity of, ensuring, 315­316 context definition of, 122 designing to meet goals in, 16­17 as driving design, 185 context scenario constructing, 119­120 description of, 112­113 example of, 120­121 requirements definition and, 22 Contextual Design (Beyer and Holtzblatt), 58­59, 84­85, 106, 118 contextual inquiry, 58­59 contextual toolbar, 503 contextualizing information, 210­213 contiguous selection, 392­393 contrast, 312 control integration, 196 586 Index control manipulation, 408­409 control panel, 173 controls. See also selection controls avoiding control-laden dialog boxes, 439­440, 505 display, 468­472 entry, 457­468 imperative, 440­443 keeping to minimum, 238 mapping to functions, 242­245 onscreen, 312 types of, 439 convergence device, 189 Cooper, Alan Communication Play, 316 customer-relationship management application, 516 GettyGuide kiosk, 192 rich visual modeless feedback, 546 smart desktop phone design, 184 Softek Storage Manager, 334 copy, creating, 359 Corel Painter, 433 Cronin, Dave (designer), 115 Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (Flow: the Psychology of Optimal Experience), 201 cursor pointing and, 386­390 selection and, 390­396 cursor hinting, 382, 388­389, 400 customer, integrating into design process, 10 customer experience, brand, and user interface, 306­307 customer goals, 95 customer interview, 55 customer persona, 84, 105 customer requirement, 123 customizable toolbar, 501­502 D daemonic posture, 172­173 data integrating text, graphics, and, 315 out of bounds, handling, 466 qualitative, inferring goals from, 88­89 quantifiable, showing, 317 data element defining, 128 grouping, 130­131 data entry. See also input auditing compared to editing, 371­374 fudgeability and, 371 in lists, 455 missing data, 369­371, 532­533 data immunity, 368­369 data integrity, 367­368 data requirement, 122 data retrieval attribute-based, 327­330 digital methods of, 327 in digital world, 326­330 indexed, 325­326 by location, 324­325 natural language output and, 333­334 overview of, 323 database completeness of, 232 querying, 334 retrieving information from, 330­333 debounce, 404­405 decision-set reduction, 267­268 deduced information, remembering, 265 default, remembering, 263­264 defining industrial design framework, 139­140 interaction framework, 127­136 visual design framework, 136­139 Index 587 degree of dislocation, 246 of risk exposure, 247 deleted data buffer, 346 del. See also design principles; designer; designing; goal-directed design definition of, 4 letting context drive, 185 in manufacturing, evolution of, 11­12 to meet goals in context, 16­17 as product definition, 18 scenarios in, 111­112 translating research into, 19 design communicator, 133 design framework. See also interaction framework description of, 125­126 industrial, 126, 139­140 interaction, defining, 127­128 visual, 126, 136­139, 195 the Design of Everyday Things (Norman), 282, 283, 553 design principles behavioral and interface-level, 151 by chapter, 569­574 description of, 149, 150 for embedded systems, 182­188 levels of detail and, 150 design team, size of, 59 design values description of, 150, 151­152 elegant, 154­155 ethical, 152 harm, minimizing, 152­153 human situations, improving, 153 pragmatic, 154 purposeful, 153 Design Within Reach Web site, 239 designer alert dialog boxes and, 540 collaboration by, 566­567 as researcher, 18­19 usability testing and, 145­146 user as, 67 designing. See also harmonious interaction, designing for appliance, 198 for audible interface, 199 for automotive interface, 197­198 for behavioral response, 90­91 desktop software, 163­168 embedded system, 182­188 for handheld, 189­191 informational Web site, 175­176 Internet-enabled application, 181 for kiosk, 191­195 for reflective response, 91 for television-based interface, 195­197 transactional Web site, 177­178 Undo system, 337­338 for visceral response, 90 for Web, 174­175 Web application, 179­181 Designing Interfaces (Tidwell), 157 Designing Visual Interfaces (Mullet and Sano), 205, 288 desire, 155 desktop software, designing, 163­168 development process conflicting interests in, 9 evolution of, 6 successful, 12 user goals and, 9­10 588 Index development support phase of goal-directed design, 23 Dewey Decimal System, 325­326 diagonal axial symmetry, 300 dial, 460­461 dialog box. See also error message; specific dialog boxes alert, 539­541 appropriate uses for, 505­507 beginners and, 46 bulletin, 522­523 cascading, 527­528 confirmation, 541­544 content in, 523­528 control-laden, avoiding, 439­440, 505 error, 529­538 expanding, 526­527 function, 517­518 guidelines for, 507­508 modal, 509 as modal technique, 208 modeless, 509­516 print, 216 process, 518­521 property, 516­517 providing choices instead of, 217­219 replacing with rich modeless feedback, 544­549 reporting normalcy with, 215 as room, unnecessary and necessary, 430­434 tabbed, 523­526 telling to go away, 231 as transient application, 172 diary study, 71 differentiating between command and configuration, 216­217 probable from possible, 209­210, 351 digital product as assuming technological literacy, 7 building successful, 12 conflicting interests and, 9 creation of, 4­5 development process and, 3­4, 5, 6 as exhibiting poor behavior, 8 as ignorant about users, 8­9 lack of process and, 9­10 planning and designing, 13 as requiring humans to do heavy lifting, 8 as rude, 5, 7 successful, 25­26 task-based focus of, 15 digital retrieval methods, 327 digital soup, 332­333 direct manipulation controls, 408­409 cursor, 386­396 description of, 375­377 drag and drop, 396­408 menus and, 479 object connection, 420­421 objects, 411­420 palette tools, 409­411 pointing devices, 377­386 selection, 390­397 toolbars and, 479 direct manipulation idioms, 207, 213 disabled menu item, 489 disabling toolbar controls, 498 discrete selection, 392­393 disk file storage system on, 326 help with, 264 purpose of, 364­365 Disk Properties dialog box (Windows), 317 dislocation, degree of, 246 Index 589 dismissing confirmation message, 542 Disney. See also drag-and-drop operation double-clicking and, 386 with mouse, 383 drawer, 472 drop candidate, 399, 401 drop-down list control, 449, 467 drop-down menu, 478 Dubberly, Hugh (designer), 151 dynamic visual hinting, 387­388 E earmarking, 450­452 economy of form, 154 edge case, 80 edge case use scenario, 136 Edit menu, 481, 482 effectiveness design and, 16­17 persona and, 79 efficiency. See also productivity data entry and, 368, 373­374 grid system and, 299 visual design and, 308 ejector seat lever, hiding, 219­220 elastic user, 79­80 electronic mail, storing and retrieving, 331­333 elegant interaction design, 154­155, 205 eliminating confirmation dialog boxes, 543­544 error messages, 534­536 embedded object and Undo feature, 338 embedded system, general design principles for, 182­188 emotion, stimulating, 155 Emotional Design (Norman), 89, 90, 91, 92 590 Index empathy, 81 end goal, 93, 100­101 entering data. See data entry entry controls bounded and unbounded, 457­459, 462­465 clue boxes, 465­466 description of, 439 dials and sliders, 460­461 spinners, 459­460 text edit, 463­468 thumbwheels, 462 environment for ethnographic interview, 65 environmental context, 185 environmental variable, 62 error dialog box. See also beginner; expert user; intermediate user designing for, 44­48 user interface and, 41­44 experience requirement, 123 expert review, 57 expert user description of, 42­43 excise and, 225 needs of, 47 usability testing and, 71 explanatory Undo, 339 explorational kiosk, 192, 193, 195 Explorer (Windows), 212­213 extending metaphor, 278 F failing gracefully, 256­257 feedback. See also modeless feedback; visual feedback audible, 193, 198, 547­549 positive and negative, 536 field in database, 331 Index 591 file, help with, 264 file folder metaphor, 278 file location, remembering, 265 File menu changing name and contents of, 357, 362­363 example of, 481, 482, 483 file system implementation model and, 352­355, 365 mental model and, 355­357 problems with, 349­350 saving changes and, 350­351 unified file model, 357­363 Find dialog box (Microsoft Word), 526­527 findability, 174 fine scrolling, 406­408 flexibility, 369­370 Flickr, 180, 329 flip-flop button, 445 flip-flop menu item, 489 floating palette, 513 floating toolbar, 500 floor grid, 417 flow description of, 201­203 dialog boxes and, 505­506, 539­540 excise and, 228­231 of visual elements, 296­301 Flow: the Psychology of Optimal Experience (Csikszentmihalyi), 201 fly-over facility, 497 focus group, 69 folksonomy, 329 font, 310, 313 Font dialog box (Microsoft Word), 517 Fore, David (designer), 151 foreign application activity, remembering, 266 form and behavior specification, 23 form compared to function, 306 form factor collaborating with interaction designers about, 139­140 defining, 127 framework definition phase and, 23 form in Visual Basic, 436 form language study, developing, 140 Format menu, 484­485 format of document, specifying, 360­361 formative evaluation, 144­145 frame, 429 framework definition phase of goaldirected design, 21, 22­23 freezing, 348 frequency of use, 246 fudgeable system, 258­259, 371 fulfilling user expectations of manual affordance, 284­285 full-resolution screen depicting user interface, 141 full-screen application, 427­428 function differentiating between configuration of function and, 216­217 integrating style and, 306­307 mapping control to, 242­245 requirement compared to, 114 function dialog box, 517­518, 523 functional element, defining and grouping, 128­131 functional requirement, 122 G gallery of ready-to-use templates, 559­560 Gamma, Erich (author), 22 Gates, Bill (chairman of Microsoft), 424, 427 General Magic, Magic Cap, 276­277, 562 592 Index GettyGuide kiosk, 192 Gilliam, Terry (movie director), 32 Gladwell, Malcolm (Blink), 89 global metaphor, 276­279 globalization, 558­559 goal-directed design bridging gap between research and design, 18­19 design methods, 3­10 development support phase of, 23 evolution of design in manufacturing, 11­12 framework definition phase of, 21, 22­23 interaction design, 13 modeling phase of, 21, 76 practices of, 565­567 process of, 17­18, 20, 24 refinement phase of, 23, 141­142 requirements definition phase of, 21­22, 114­123 research phase of, 20­21 success and, 25­26 user goals, recognizing, 13­17 goal-oriented questions for ethnographic interview, 66 goals. See also user goals business, 14, 95 customer, 95 definition of, 15 ethnographic interview and, 66­67 inferring from qualitative data, 88­89 organizational, 95 personas and, 83­84, 88 synthesizing, 100­101 technical, 96 television-based interfaces and, 196­197 types of, 94­96 usage patterns and, 88 golden section, 298 Goodwin, Kim (designer), 97, 115, 151 Google Finance, 241, 315 search interface, 205, 206 SketchUp, 418 Gradient tool (Adobe Photoshop), 236 graphic design and user interface, 289 graphical input, providing, 213 graphical overview, 241 graphical user interface. See also navigation, improving error messages, 537­538 human situation, 153 incremental action, undoing, 338, 344­345 index to online help, 560 indexed retrieval, 325­326, 332 industrial design, 290 industrial design framework, 126, 139­140 inferring goals from qualitative data, 88­89 inflecting interface to match user needs, 245­247 information contextualizing, 210­213 deduced, remembering, 265 navigation of, 236­237 offering potentially useful, 252­253 in world and in head, 553 Information Architecture (Rosenfeld and Morville), 175 information-age represented model, 36 informational Web site, 175­176 inheritance, 308 input. See also data entry allowing wherever there is output, 231 complexity of, 188, 193­194 graphical, providing, 213 out-of-sequence, 532 rich, sovereign interface and, 167­168 input method collaborating with interaction designers about, 139­140 defining, 127­128 input vector, 23 Insert menu, 484 insert mode, 467 insertion point, 395­396 insertion target, 401 instinct and learning, 273 integrating hardware and software design, 183­184 "intelligent" agent, 562­563 interaction design. See also harmonious interaction, designing; principles of interaction design description of, 13 effectiveness and, 16­17 narratives and, 110­111 practice of, 565­567 interaction design pattern, 22 interaction framework defining, 127­136 description of, 22 form factor, posture, and input methods, defining, 127­128 functional and data elements, defining, 128­130 functional groups and hierarchy, determining, 130­131 key path scenario, constructing, 133­135 sketching, 131­133 validation scenario, checking designs with, 135­136 Index 595 interaction framework definition, 22 interactivity, 11 interface. See also remembering for actions, 265­266 applying to applications, 266­268 considerate product and, 252 disks compared to, 364 smart products and, 261­263 transient application, 172 memory work, minimizing, 151 Index 597 mental model audible interfaces and, 199 beginners and, 46 description of, 28­29 file system and, 356­357 harmonious interaction and, 203­204 implementation model compared to, 29, 355­356 of mistakes, 336 persona expectations and, 118­119 represented model and, 30­32 storage systems and, 247­248 user interface and, 31 menu bar, 478 menu mode, 408­409 menus beginners and, 46 clicking and dragging, 408­409 drop-down and pop-up, 478 Edit, 482­483 File, 357, 362­363, 481, 482, 483 Format, 484­485 Help, 481, 483­484, 554 history of, 473­478 idioms, 485­492 Insert, 484 navigation and, 235­236, 240 optional, 483­485 on other platforms, 492 pedagogic vector and, 479­481 sequential hierarchical, 474­476 standard, 481­484 toolbars and, 494­495, 499­500 Tools, 485 View, 484 visible hierarchical, 476­477 Windows, 483 meta-key, 381­382 metaphor in user interface excise and, 226 finding good, 276 global, 276­279 limitations of, 272 problems with, 37, 269­270 storage system, 247 visual, 425 metaphoric interface, 271­273 method acting, 81­82 methods of ethnographic interviewing, 65­68 Microsoft. See also error message in data entry, 371­374 mental models of, 336 users and, 335­336 mnemonic, 491­492, 555 modal dialog box, 509 modal tool, 409­410 mode, avoiding, 425­426 model. See also navigation, improving among multiple screens, views, or pages, 233 audible interfaces and, 199 display density and, 187­188 as excise, 232­237 of information, 236­237 integration of functionality and, 189 mouse, keyboard, and, 380 between panes, 233­235 television-based interfaces, 196 between tools and menus, 235­236 navigation, improving hierarchies, avoiding, 247­248 inflecting interface to match user needs, 245­247 mapping controls to function, 242­245 overview of, 237 overviews, providing, 241­242 reducing number of places to go, 238 signposts, providing, 238­240 navigational trauma, 233 necessary use scenario, 135 need, requirement compared to, 114 negative feedback, 536, 547­548 negative persona, 106 Nelson, Ted, on idiomatic design, 273 Nielsen, Jakob on standards, 317, 318 Usability Engineering, 71, 144 useit. See also behavior pattern interaction, 130 remembering, 264 pattern language, 157 A Pattern Language (Alexander), 156 pattern library or catalog, 157 patterns of interaction design architectural patterns compared to, 156 description of, 149, 156 recording and using, 157 types of, 158­159 pedagogic vector description of, 552 dialog boxes and, 507 menus and, 479­481 Peopleware: Productive Projects and Teams (DeMarco and Lister), 201 perception of user of response time, 221 by stakeholders, 54 perceptiveness of considerate product, 255­256 permission, making user ask, 230­231 perpetual intermediate, 43. See also cursor; mouse pole, 416­417 polyline, 414­415 pop-up menu, 478 pop-up window, 190 position and visual interface design, 293 positional retrieval, 327 positive feedback, 536, 548­549 possible, segregating probable from, 209­210, 351 postural pattern, 158 posture daemonic, 172­173 defining, 127 description of, 161­162 desktop applications and, 163­164 for handheld devices, 190­191 for informational Web sites, 175­176 for kiosks, 194­195 platform and, 162 sovereign, 164­168 for transactional Web sites, 177­178 transient, 169­172 for Web applications, 179­181 602 Index practice of interaction design, 565­567 pragmatic interaction design, 154 predicting what user will do, 261­263, 268 preference threshold, 268 pretending interface is magic, 121­122 system is human, 129­130 primary persona, 104­105 primitive, 280­281 principles, interaction, 130 principles of interaction design behavioral and interface-level, 151 by chapter, 569­574 description of, 149, 150 for embedded systems, 182­188 levels of detail and, 150 print dialog box, 216 Print Preview view (Microsoft Word), 305 probable, segregating possible from, 209­210, 351 problem statement, creating, 116­117 procedural action, 338 process dialog box, 518­521 product. See also considerate product; digital product; smart product conflating what and how questions about, 114­115 designing, 77 posture of, 162­163 successful, 96­97 thinking of as computer, 183 viability of, 70 product audit, 57 product definition, 18 product vision, 53 productivity. See also efficiency data entry and, 370 flow and, 201­202 programmer alert dialog boxes and, 540 buck-passing code and, 542 collaboration with, 566 progress meter, 519 property dialog box, 516­517, 523 prototype, developing, 140, 142 provisional persona, 86­88 Pruitt, John (author), 81­82 pure excise, 226 purposeful interaction design, 153 Q qualitative data, inferring goals from, 88­89 qualitative research. See also ethnographic interview customer interview, 55 literature review, 57 market research and, 70 product and competitive audits, 57 quantitative research compared to, 50 stakeholder interviews, 52­54 subject matter expert interviews, 54­55 types of, 52­57 user interview, 56 user observation, 56­57 value of, 50­52, 68­69 quantifiable data, showing, 317 quantitative information, contextualizing, 210­213 quantitative market research, 17 quantitative research, 50 querying database, 334 questions avoiding, 217­219, 256 conflating what and how, 114­115 for ethnographic interview, 65­66, 68 Index 603 R radio butcon, 446­447 radio button, 446­447 ranges of user behavior, 83 ratios for grid system, 298 Razr phone (Motorola), 205 reading text, 310 Reaktor (Native Instruments), 461 record in database, 331 Recycle Bin, 541, 544 Redo function, 341­342 Reeves, Byron (The Media Equation), 218, 249, 250 refinement phase of goal-directed design, 23, 141­142 reflective level of processing, 89, 91 Reimann, Robert (designer), 97, 115, 151 remembering choice, 263­264 deduced information, 265 foreign application activity, 266 pattern, 264 remote control, 196, 197 renaming file, 354, 359 replacement action, 395 reporting, avoiding unnecessary, 214­215 repositioning object, 411­413 represented model description of, 29­32 mechanical-age, 35­40 persona expectations and, 118­119 requirements definition phase of goaldirected design brainstorming, 117­118 context scenario, constructing, 119­122 description of, 21­22, 114­115 persona expectations, identifying, 118­119 personas, scenarios, and, 115 problem and vision statements, creating, 116­117 requirements, identifying, 122­123 steps of, 116 research. See also text edit controls Undo cache, 257 Undo feature blind and explanatory, 339 category-specific, 344­345 comparison model, 343­344 deleted data buffer and, 346 designing, 337­338 as enabling exploration, 336­337 file system and, 352 freezing, 348 group multiple, 342­343 incremental and procedural actions, 338 manifest model of, 341, 343 multisession, 265­266 Redo feature and, 341­342 single and multiple, 339­341 unified file model and, 361 users and, 335­336 versioning and reversion, 346­347 608 Index Undo-proof operation, 348 unified file model abandoning changes, 361 communicating status, 363 creating copy, 359 creating version, 361 File menu, changing name and contents of, 362­363 naming and renaming, 359 overview of, 357­358 placing and moving, 360 reversing changes, 361 saving automatically, 358­359 specifying stored format, 360­361 Universal Principles of Design (Lidwell, Holden, and Butler), 307 usability and grid system, 299 Usability Engineering (Nielsen), 71, 144 usability testing description of, 70­71 design validation and, 142­143 designer involvement in, 145­146 formative, conducting, 144­145 in framework phase, 126 summative and formative evaluations, 144 use case, persona-based scenario compared to, 113 useit.

Toolbars: Visible antibiotics quiz questions order sedopan discount, Immediate Commands the typical toolbar is a collection of butcons (icons that serve as buttons) virus 986 m2 buy sedopan 250 mg without a prescription, usually without text labels virus clothing order sedopan online from canada, in a horizontal slab positioned directly below the menu bar or in a vertical slab attached to the side of the main window (see Figure 23-1). Essentially, a toolbar is a single row (or column) of visible, immediate, graphical, functions. Notice how the toolbar is made up of butcons without static hinting, rather than buttons. Great ideas in user-interface design often seem to spring from many sources simultaneously. It appeared on many programs at about the same time, and nobody can say who invented it first. In a stroke, the invention of the toolbar solved the problems of the pull-down menu. Toolbar functions are always plainly visible, and users can trigger them with a single mouse click. Toolbars versus Menus Toolbars are often thought of as just a speedy version of the menu. It seems that some designers imagine that toolbars, beyond being a command vector in parallel to menus, are an identical command vector to menus. They think that the functions available on toolbars should be the same as those available on menus. Menus provide a much more comprehensive and descriptive view of an application, and are often more appropriate as the pedagogic vector for beginners. To avoid consuming too many pixels, these big menus have to be folded away most of the time and only popped-up on request. The act of popping up excludes menus from the ranks of Chapter 23: Toolbars 495 visible and immediate commands. The trade-off with menus is thoroughness and power in exchange for a small but uniform dose of clunkiness applied at every step. The butcons on toolbars, on the other hand, are incomplete and inscrutable; but they are undeniably visible, immediate, and very space-efficient compared to menus. Toolbars and Toolbar Controls the toolbar gave birth to the butcon, a happy marriage between a button and an icon. Icons versus text on toolbars If the butcons on a toolbar act the same as the items on a drop-down menu, why are the menu items almost always shown with text and the toolbar buttons almost always shown with little images? There are good reasons for the difference, although we almost certainly stumbled on them accidentally. To achieve this, they demand that a user take the time to focus on them and read them. As we discussed in Chapter 14, reading is slower and more difficult than recognizing images. On the other hand, well-designed pictorial symbols are easy for humans to recognize, but they often lack the precision and clarity of text. Because toolbars are primarily for providing quick access to frequently used tools, their identifiers must elicit quick recognition from experienced users. Butcons have the pliancy of buttons, along with the fast-recognition capability of images. They pack a lot of power into a very small space, but their great strength is also their great weakness: the icon. Relying on pictographs to communicate is reasonable as long as the parties have agreed in advance what the icons mean. Many designers think that they must invent visual metaphors for butcons that adequately convey meaning to first-time users. This is a Quixotic quest that not only reflects a misunderstanding of the purpose of toolbars but also reflects the futile hope for magical powers in metaphors, which we discussed in Chapter 13. The problem with labeling butcons It might seem like a good idea to label butcons with both text and images. The original icons on the Macintosh desktop had text subtitles, as did the icon controls on some older Web browsers. Icons are useful for allowing quick classification, but beyond that, we need text to tell us exactly what the object is for. The problem is that using both text and images is very expensive in terms of pixels.